Searching for Ancient Egypt Essay Example For Students

Looking for Ancient Egypt Essay Teresa JohnsonAR 320Joslyn PaperAn huge shrouded figure welcomes approaching guests. It sits, as it has for a large number of years a quiet sentinel to the miracles of antiquated Egypt. This square sculpture is just the primary thing of numerous at Joslyns craftsmanship presentation. The general impact of seeing such a great amount of history in a moderately little space is amazing. I really want to think about whether the presentation would have had such a significant impact on me on the off chance that I wasnt in the class. Most likely so. I believed I could have remained there always notwithstanding my one oclock class. Seeing photos in a course reading gives me a thought of what life resembled for the antiquated Egyptians, yet being encircled by things from their lives makes a totally different inclination. The mammoth divider works of art portraying regular daily existence are amazing. The real ancient rarities in plain view are astounding, to imagine that they have made due just as they have for such a long time. The beaded cover was so finely made, it was amazing it would have kept going a day in those days, not to mention be in propriety today. The mummy case was fascinating. I realize individuals were littler in those days, yet to see the case put size into another point of view. How did the get the body through the cut up the back? Canopic containers were normally bested by the divine beings that ensured the parts inside, yet there was one top in plain view that was the leader of an adolescent produced using calcite. There were other canopic containers, with the divine beings heads as covers. Hearing how they went to the bodies and what must be done was captivating, even as it was nauseating. The limestone final resting place for the high official had composing on it to rejoin soul and body. The expansive neckline was excellent, with the blossoms produced using various stones and bird of prey head closes. The Nubian Ba sculpture holding the pine cone formed image and the staff to speak to the body for the soul is not quite the same as the Egyptian ka sculpture that would have been holding an ankh. The sculpture of the incredible officer of the arm looked female, despite the fact that the composing said it was male. Might it be able to have been a female dressing as a male so as to pick up power? The figure was completely to female to be a person. The spells from the Book of the Dead contain the responses for the spirit to go to life following death. It has the names everything being equal and the inquiries they would pose to the spirit, just as the appropriate responses. Shabtis were little figures of individuals put in the burial place or covered with them to accomplish work for the individuals in eternity. The commemoration tablet for the sanitization minister was a stele intended to be perused from each of the four sides, rather than two like the Palette of Narmer, which implies it was presumably placed in the focal point of some room.Overall, the impact of the show was mind blowing. It was nearly in the same class as going to Egypt to see things very close, as they were found and, as I would like to think, intended to be seen. The Egyptians lives must be adjusted, in each part of their lives. The quill hieroglyphic, a basic image, spoke to the request for maat. I altogether had fun, the following day I saw the IMAX film of Egypts riddles, which gives you the sentiment of being in Egypt. I would like to see the Joslyn presentation again before it leaves, to become inundated in so much history.

Sourcery School of Hogwarts Essay Example For Students

Sourcery School of Hogwarts Essay Tom Peters contends the board is tied in with masterminding and outlining for, and initiative is tied in with sustaining and upgrading. It might be contended that todays current supervisors in the case of Working in people in general, private Or intentional parts are required to show both powerful administration and the executives so as to be effective. Presentation: Management and initiative practices are around for a long time since the eighteenth century because of individual models, for example, Robert Owen the administrator of plants in Manchester at Carlton Twist Mills. Todays administrators advocate critical thinking and clear objective structure while pioneers contact more on the relational parts of the workers, much the same as Robber Owen did, He was a reformer of the law separated jog being only the common factory chief and that is what's going on today, we see change in our condition from time to time. Individuals with more prominent aptitude are required to go about as operators of an association or organization so as to adequately impart and have the best efficiency. We will take a gander at Integers jobs and different angles which structure the chief or pioneer inside an association. ND different hypotheses and practices so as to find reality of Tome Peters explanation. In the case of working in people in general, private or deliberate parts are required Management and administration rehearses are around for a long time since the eighteenth century because of particular models, for example, Robert Owen the director of factories in Mancheste r at Carlton Twist Mills. Todays directors advocate critical thinking and clear objective structure while pioneers center more around the relational angles f the workers, much the same as Robber Owen did. He was a reformer of the law separated from being only the common factory supervisor and that is what's going on today, we see change in our condition once in a while. Individuals with more prominent ability are required to go about as specialists Of an association or organization so as to viably impart and have the best efficiency. We will take a gander at Midwinters jobs and Other viewpoints Which structure the director or pioneer Within a Management and authority rehearses are around for a significant abhorrence since the cherishing and clear objective structure while pioneers center more around the relational parts Of the representatives, much the same as Robber Owen did. He was a reformer Of the law separated from being only the customary factory chief and that is what's going on today, we see change in our condition once in a while. Individuals With Tome Peters explanation, today, eve see change in our condition from time to time. Individuals With eighteenth century because of separate models, for example, Robert Owen the director Of parts of the workers, much the same as Robber Owen did. He was a reformer of the law today, we see change in our condition once in a while. Individuals with about sustaining and upgrading. It might be contended that todays current administrators more noteworthy ability are required to go about as operators to an association or organization all together Integers jobs and different perspectives which tort the director or pioneer inside an in the case of inciting in general society, private or intentional segments are expected angles to the representatives, much the same as Robber Owen did.

Heres your SIPA summer playlist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Heres your SIPA summer playlist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog After a painfully long winter (2013-2014 was New York Citys  7th-snowiest winter on record),  things are finally starting to warm up around here. So our former Program Assistant (and current temp), Lauren Podber, MIA 15, came up with a fantastic idea to get our incoming Fall 2015 class in the right mindset for Augusts Orientation Week. So you’ve decided to come to SIPA…congratulations! As  the Type-A person I know you all are, by now you’ve submitted your enrollment deposits and have (hopefully) checked off the to-do list  mentioned on the Welcome Page. Thus, Im sure youre all super excited about moving to the city, and are meticulously planning your next steps for the big move.  While the Admissions Blog will  dive into specifics on local activities, places to eat, and sights to see in the coming weeks,  for now I wanted to offer up my personal Spotify playlist, which was inspired by New York, the summer and Columbia University to get you excited about your upcoming adventures in the city. As youre already aware, part of SIPA’s appeal (in addition to hardcore academics and superb job placement) is the  location: New York City.   I’ve lived in NYC  since 2002, and I can honestly say I was thrilled to stay here for graduate school and I’m really excited to be staying here for my job! So while youre packing up your belongings, sending  SIPA your official documents and meeting new Seeple  on Facebook, I hope this playlist, Summer in New York 2k15,  will inspire you as you prepare for the next two years of your life. Happy listening! (P.S.  You must login to Spotify to listen to the playlist.) Inspired by the Summer Hot in Herre by Nelly: if you don’t know already, it gets hot in New York City in the summer. Get ready to sweat. Summer Love by Justin Timberlake: you never know who will be sitting next to you at orientation! Blister in the Sun by the Violent Femmes: I will take this opportunity to remind you to wear sunscreen while attending any and all outdoor events. Get on Up by Big Gigantic: although it’s not technically in the running, I vote for this song for 2015 Billboard Song of the Summer. It’s very repetitive, but super catchy. Back it Up by Prince Royce (featuring Pitbull): the summer-y dancehall feel will instantly motivate you to go out and explore the city. Plus, you know, Pitbull has to feature on this blog as he is the self described, “Mr. Worldwide.” Cruise by Florida Georgia Line (featuring Nelly): the perfect song for an afternoon moving into your new place. Shut Up and Dance by Walk the Moon:  according to the Internet, it’s the “Some Nights” of 2015. Sugar by Maroon 5: another pop anthem of 2015. Plus, Adam Levine is kind of a style icon for a decent subset of the Columbia population. Inspired by Columbia University Campus by Vampire Weekend: coolest band to come from Columbia University in a long time. Rebel Music by Bob Marley: well, Bob Marley definitely conjures up a summer vibe. And Rebel Music is the title of SIPA Professor Hisham Aidi’s new book. Uptown Girl by Billy Joel: because Columbia is uptown. Uptown Funk by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars: again, uptown is in the title. Enough said.   Also this song is amazing and I’m still into it. Cmon N Ride It (The Train) by the Quad City DJs: you will be riding the subway to get places. Tom’s Diner by Suzanne Vega: because you will take your friends on an obligatory tourist trip there, where you will be disappointed to learn that the food isn’t that good, and the inside (unlike the exterior) was not used on the Seinfeld set. Bills Bills Bills by Destiny’s Child: hello tuition. Hey There Delilah by the Plain White T’s: a song written for Columbia College alum, Delilah DeCrescenzo by an admirer. DeCrescenzo also received her master’s degree in Sports Management from Columbia.   And she was like a professional runner.   Another super cool alum. Inspired by New York City Manhattan by Kings of Leon: confession: I’m still obsessed with “Only by the Night” and Manhattan is one of the best tracks on it. Jenny from the Block by JLo: a classic take on the American dream from a lifelong New-Yorker. Also a good one for an impromptu dance party by yourself in front of the mirror. Harlem Shake by Baauer: you’re going to need a signature dance move for grad school, and this may inspire you. Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin: reminds me of Woody Allen’s “Manhattan.” Ditmas by Mumford Sons: have you heard Wilder Mind? I haven’t finished listening but it seems like most of the album is about New York City.   And what I’ve heard so far is freaking awesome. Obligatory Empire State of Mind by Jaz-Z (featuring Alicia Keys): my coworkers wouldn’t let me skip this one. Apparently it also makes an appearance at SIPA graduation, so if you don’t know it, you’ll want to prepare so you can hum along when it plays in two years. New York State of Mind by Billy Joel: at some point or another, you may find yourself crooning this one during a karaoke night with your peers.

Management Plan For Salmon s Alaskan And North Pacific...

BSC3052 – Conservation Biology Management Plan for Salmon in Alaskan North Pacific Ecosystems It comes as no surprise that salmon are one of the most sought after species of fish in the world for human consumption. Because of this, heavy industry and markets have had a critical influence on the salmon populations. Seventeen strains of Pacific salmon are currently listed as threatened or endangered. Due to their extreme demand, many problems have resulted for the species as a whole, from hindrances in their reproduction patterns by modifications in their environment (dams and river modifications) to detrimental conservation efforts (where hatchery salmon were reintroduced causing â€Å"genetic and behavioral dilution†), there are a plethora†¦show more content†¦By 2008, that figure had jumped to 5 billion. Because of the huge presence of hatchery salmon in wild, the result is when hatchery-bred fish return as adults and interbreed with wild salmon, they produce offspring that are less hardy than their purely wild counterparts. Arguably the existence of hatcheri es is directly responsible for offsetting the salmon species composition of the entire North Pacific. Economically, while fisheries immediately can be seen as generating a huge profit, extended dependence and exploitation of fisheries can be incredibly distressing. In an effort to maximize the yield of salmon, hatcheries are failing to see the ocean is an exhaustible resource. The North Pacific Ocean is, at an alarming rate, nearing the limit of its salmon-carrying capacity. (Peterson, 2008) Because hatchery salmon are both outcompeting wild populations of salmon and simultaneously causing genetic dilution by mating with wild populations, the fish that are being caught by fisherman, at an alarming rate, are far less in quality than their wild counterparts. The reason why? Wild populations often possess resistance to the parasites and diseases of their native streams that are not found in the foreign hatchery salmon. In addition, the â€Å"decreasing quality† of salmon also ne gatively influences recreational activities such as sport fishing, a valuable component of both the Alaskan economy and the economies of the pacific north-west. Millions

Major Depressive Disorder. One Of The Most Commonly Diagnosed

Major Depressive Disorder One of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States is Major depressive disorder. Major depressive disorder is defined by the National Institute of Mental Health as a common but serious mood disorder that causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleep, eating or working. For a doctor to diagnose you the symptoms must be present for a minimum of two weeks. Major depressive disorder is an umbrella for other depressive disorders. Persistent depressive disorder, which is also known as dysthymia, is when someone has persistent depression for two years or more. They may have periods of lesser symptoms intertwined with major depression. Perinatal†¦show more content†¦We will talk about the affects it has on families. We will discuss diagnosis, treatment and the stigma attached to one of the most diagnosed mental disorders in our country. Major Depression Disorder in Adults Major depressive disorder has a significant place in our country. â€Å"In 2015, an estimated 16.1 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States had at least one major depressive episode in the past year. This number represented 6.7% of all U.S. adults† (National, 2015). These numbers do not exclude bereavement, medical illness or substance use disorders. This means that almost 7 people out of every 100 are suffering from depression. Out of the estimated 16.1 million people the affects will range widely. Some will suffer from deppression so badly they will not be able to leave their houses. There may be an overwhelming sadness or maybe just a severe lack of motivation. Some will feel like they are in a constant fog. Others will be able to do basic funtions but not their normal everyday activities or on a regular basis. When these changes happen and last for weeks it becomes a clinical issue. The changes can take a toll on the human body if not addressed and treated. The way depression makes people feel can lead to struggles at work and at home. ItAt work concentration can beceome an issue as well as motivation. Depression also tends to draw the depressed away from their friends andShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Diagnosed With Schizoaffective Disorder One Must Meet Specific Criteria That The Dsm 5974 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder one must meet specific crite ria that the DSM-5 clearly outlines. In order to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder one must meet a number of negative and positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia, these negative symptoms include: false beliefs that are not based in reality, alteration in sensory perceptions, alteration in thought processes, abnormal motor behavior, and a range of symptoms that reduce the person’s ability to functionRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1125 Words   |  5 Pageshas been diagnosed with several mental disorders. The major diagnosis would be bipolar disorder. She also suffers from borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. The American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder defines bipolar disorder as a recurrent mood disorder that includes periods of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression (Murphy, 2012, p. 44-50). It was previously known as manic depressi ve disorderRead MoreFinal Paper - Bipolar Disorder1202 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar disorder is a psychiatric disorder also known as manic depression. It is described as a category of mood disorders. Mood disorders are defined by the presence of one or more episodes known as mania and hypomania. Bipolar disorder affects about five million Americans, about 3 out of every 100 adults. This disorder had been found equally in men and women. The signs and symptoms of major depressive episode are feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, anger, isolationRead MoreDiagnosis And Treatment Of Davita Queens Dialysis1707 Words   |  7 Pagestreats patients who have End-Stage Renal Disease. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is diagnosed to patients who have permanent kidney failure (NKF, 2012). Patients diagnosed with ESRD are faced with a life-altering chronic illness. Hemodialysis is a life-sustaining treatment that becomes a natural part of their daily lives. However, many patients have difficulty adjusting to this new way of living. Individuals diagnosed with ESRD have a long road ahead of them. Patients’ suffering from this disease hasRead More Overview of Mood Disorders Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mood Disorders category of the DSM-IV-TR, is one of the most dense categories and probably one of the most commonly talked about categories. People often make comments about being depressed or having bipolar disorder; however, they might not truly meet the diagnostic cri teria to receive the diagnosis. There are several diagnoses in the Mood Disorders category which have been organized into the following subsections: Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Depressive Disorder Not OtherwiseRead MoreSueng-hui Cho1248 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿There are over 900 pages in the DSM-5, containing all of the mental disorders known to man. (APA, 2013, 165).One of those disorders is a severe case of depression known as â€Å"Major Depressive Disorder† or Major Depression. Major Depression currently affects 14.8 million adults in the United States alone. (APA, 2013, 165).Most adults that are diagnosed with major depressive disorder seek medical treatment or therapy. However, every year more than 1 million people commit suicide either before treatmentRead MoreMajor Types Of Major Depressive Disorder1487 Words   |  6 PagesMajor Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder in which a person experiences low mood, loss of interest, and diminished self-esteem. Symptoms of depression take over every part of a person. It can hinder emotions, bodily utilities, behaviors, and thoughts. Depression is a common mood disorder and can affect any age group. Depression occurs when a person experiences a loss of self-esteem. Such as doing badly in a class, the loss of a loved one, or losing a career. Mild symptomsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imba lance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected byRead MoreBipolar II Disorder And Mental Disorders Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar II Disorder Approximately 0.5-1 percent of Americans will develop bipolar II disorder in their lifetime, worldwide the prevalence is 0.4 percent (Rosenberg Kosslyn, 2011). Bipolar disorder is one of the main causes of disability, because of its cognitive and functional impairment, the high rate of medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and the relevant suicide risk (Dell Osso, et al., 2016). Bipolar II disorder is one of the two most commonly diagnosed subtypes of Bipolar disorder, which areRead MoreThe Suicide And New Jersey1107 Words   |  5 Pagessuicide rate as stated by the CDR, but they have been increasing dramatically. Suicide has increased by thirteen percent and there are 8.8 deaths in every 100,000 people in New Jersey alone. Most recent suicide records from 2014 has shown New Jersey was tied for second place with Massachusetts. The rate has risen the most rapidly with girls from ages ten to fourteen and with men from the ages of forty-five to sixty-four. Studies have shown that men have searched for help with depression just as well as

Idealism vs. Pragmatism in Don Quixote Free Essays

Don Quixote is about an old, retired man named Alonso Quixano. He spends most of his time reading chivalrous tales-so much so that he hardly eats or sleeps, causing people to think he has lost his mind. One day, he decides to become a knight and go out in search of adventure. We will write a custom essay sample on Idealism vs. Pragmatism in Don Quixote or any similar topic only for you Order Now He renames himself Don Quixote de la Mancha, and his horse Rocinate. He enlists Sancho Panza, a neighbor, to be his squire, promising him governorship of an island. The two sneak off in the early dawn, and the adventures begin The first example of idealism vs. ragmatism was in the opening scene. A young Alonso is shown outside in a field playing and talking to himself, pretending to slay some enemies. His fantasy is shattered and he is brought back to the real world when his mother calls him inside to go to bed. The next example comes when Alonso is talking to his friends, who happen to be workers. He is optimistic that all of their lives could turn around and that there is an even bigger world full of opportunity out there just waiting to be discovered. All of his friends are realistic and tell him that they are going to be working for their entire lives. Next, Alonso Quixano wanted to be a knight. The barber was over at his house to give him a shave, and everyone was in the room. He started talking about his dreams of being a knight, and everyone laughed at him, telling him to just let the barber shave him. He ignored them, though. He ran outside and made his plans with Sancho Panza to escape and find an island to govern. This brings us to our next example of idealism vs. pragmatism. Alonso and Sancha take off on their horse and donkey, respectively. Remember, they are in search of an island. They will not be able to get to an island on their animals. After this, Don Quixote de la Mancha thought he would bring glory to himself and Sancha Panzo by killing the â€Å"giant monsters† that they ran into on their way to an island, when in reality the monsters were just windmills. He also thought a bleating flock of sheep were an army of singing soldiers. As you can easily tell, idealism and pragmatism are both extremely strong and important facets of Don Quixote. How to cite Idealism vs. Pragmatism in Don Quixote, Papers

Super Girl free essay sample

Once upon a time I thought I was invincible. Notonly that, but I believed I had the potential to fly. No kidding, I actuallythought that if I flapped my arms hard enough they would eventually get me offthe ground. Several attempts later, I felt disillusioned. Then I heardthat it is easier for birds to fly if they take off not from flat ground, butfrom a height that is somewhat, well, high. I happened to stumble upon thisuseful piece of information around the same time my dad finished constructing myvery own playhouse. And not just any playhouse, but one whose top reached nearlyas high as our chicken shed. Incidentally, that chicken shed was convenientlylocated a mere three feet from my playhouse. Naturally, I decided that to flysuccessfully I should act like a bird and think high. The higher the better, infact. After careful observation I came to the conclusion that it would bepossible for me to climb onto the roof of my playhouse, take a mini-leap and landon top of the chicken shed, where I could then carry out my plan to fly. We will write a custom essay sample on Super Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Uponreaching the top of my playhouse, however, I realized that perhaps I had beenwrong about this easy solution. The mere three feetbetween me and the roof of the chicken shed suddenly seemed more like 300 feet. I tentatively stretched out one foot, but could barely graze the gutterwith my toes. Turns out there are disadvantages to being 3 7. Suddenly, myproblem didnt seem like such a dilemma after all. Humans were land-bound for areason, right? Peter Pan could keep his happy thoughts and Id keep my bonesintact, thank you very much. I abandoned all thoughts of flying. I ignored myplayhouse and chicken shed when I walked by; even butterflies, birds andairplanes were too depressing to glance at. Then it happened: Idreamt I could fly. Surely this was a sign. I returned to my flying attempts withrenewed determination. This time I would fly, regardless, though I would fly fromthe top of the playhouse instead. The chicken shed was simplyunattainable. I clearly remember the first jump. It was evening, slightlycool and breezy. The sun was setting behind me and I could see my shadow on theground as I took a deep breath and a big leap and flapped my arms as hard as Icould. What happened next can only be described as the second mostscarring experience of my life, proceeded only by my first shot. Not only did Inot fly, but I landed quite hard in a very unglamorous position, arms and legsspread in every direction. I lay sprawled on the ground, stunned. Fortunately,nothing was broken so I wasnt forced to tell my parents about my misadventure. Iscraped my bruised body and bleeding pride off the ground and dragged myselfstraight to the couch. That first jump turned out to be my last. Today Iam 18 years old, healthy and (mostly) unscarred from my childhood. Graduation isright around the corner. I have big plans for the future, plans that I sometimesworry will fall through. Years ago I thought I would never be able to fly. Mylifetime dream was just out of reach, so close I tried to reach out and grab it -even if that meant jumping off a roof. I failed to live out that dream, butlearned a few lessons about gravity and invincibility (or lack thereof) in theprocess. Most important, I learned that it really is important to look before youleap. Ive changed a lot since that day 12 years ago, but not as much asId like to think. I still have a tendency to jump into situations withoutthinking about the consequences and Im still learning from those consequences.Sometimes I see my playhouse, standing tall and lonely in our yard, and all thosememories come rushing back. I feel a little sad and nostalgic, but also hopeful.Theres so much ahead of me, so much I am prepared to take that leap of faithfor. My future is before me, and I can only hope that I will succeed in livingout my dreams. Who knows, maybe someday I will fly.

Jerusalem Israel Essays - Neighbourhoods Of Jerusalem, Quarters

Jerusalem Israel Jerusalem Jerusalem is located in the heart of Israel and is divided into three sections: the Old City, New City (West Jerusalem), and East Jerusalem. In the center is the Old City which is split up into four main sections: Muslim Quarter, Jewish Quarter, Christian Quarter, and the Armenian Quarter. Also, the Old City is the site of many religious and historical landmarks. Within Jewish Quarters, the main attraction is the Western (Wailing) Wall Wall). It's dubbed the Wailing Wall because many Jews come to pray there, and their prayers sound like wailing. The Wall is the small remaining part of King Solomon's Temple. After the Jews were banished from Temple Mount, the Western Wall became the most sacred place of Judaism. There are two major sects of Jews in this part of the city. There is the Sephardic group, who come from Spain, Africa, and the Mediterranean, and there is the Ashkenazic group, who come from Northern Europe. Another section of the Old City is the Christian Quarter. The center of this part of the city is The Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It is believed that the Via Dolorosa, a street, was the site of the original Stations of the Cross. Furthermore, it is maintained that Jesus was originally buried at this site. The Church was rebuilt by Crusaders in 1099 CE, but it was originally built in the fourth century. The St. James Cathedral is the center of attention in the Armenian part. Many families who escaped the Armenian Holocaust in 1915 settled in the Old City. Many of the residents of this part of the Armenian Quarter practice the Greek Orthodox religion. The last section of the city is the Muslim Section. Atop the Temple Mount are the gold-domed Dome of the Rock (661 BCE) and the silver-domed al-Aqsa mosques. The Rock referred to in Dome of the Rock is Mt.Zion. This is where Abram went to sacrifice Isaac and Muhammed ascended to heaven.

Significance of Minor Characters in a Separate Peace Essays

Significance of Minor Characters in a Separate Peace Essays Significance of Minor Characters in a Separate Peace Paper Significance of Minor Characters in a Separate Peace Paper One of those aspects is Its use of minor characters throughout the book. The books minor characters are what make up a lot of the book. They are the characters that affect and help develop the mall characters, Gene and Finny. The reader Is able to find out how Finny Is able to handle situations when Mr.. Prudhoe confronts Gene and Finny on their dinner absences. You get a better idea of Fannys character when he goes for tea with the head master, Mr.. Patch-Withers, wearing the school tie as a belt. You see how Cheat Douglas affects Genes studying habits when Gene finds the need to try and beat Cheat in school marks. And you also get a deep understanding of Genes emotional side when he runs away from Leper and his flashbacks of being at the military. In the beginning of A Separate Peace, in the summer session at Devon School, there was the substitute dean, Mr.. Prudhoe, who checked up on Gene and Finny at their dormitory to find out why they missed dinner once again. So to avoid any trouble, Finny smooth-talks his way out of the situation by explaining that they were repairing for the draft. This seems Like a fairly unimportant part of the book, but It does show you how Finny handles such situations. Most people would be nervous and not able to come up with an excuse, but Finny is able to quickly and slickly, dissolve the situation. Later in the book, we discover a little bit more of Finny when he gets dressed for tea with the substitute school head master, Mr.. Patch-Withers and uses the Devon School tie as a belt. Finny, using the school tie as a belt indicates boldness and ingenuity and that he doesnt always stick to the rules. Later, when Finny and Gene are actually meeting with Mr.. Patch-Withers, again you see Fannys expertise in handling stressful situations as you see Mr.. Patch-Withers contempt of Fannys inappropriate action. There Is also Dry. Stanhope, who Is the only link between Finny and Gene during Fannys time away with the broken leg. Dry. Stanhope was the one who told Gene about how Finny wont be able to play sports ever again because of the leg injury. With that information, it pretty much changed the way Gene thought of Finny throughout the rest of the book. Later in the book, after Finny falls down the steps of the school hall, further breaking his leg, it was Dry. Stanhope who came for help. He took Finny in his car and drove him to the infirmary. And finally at the near end, it was Dry. Stanhope who broke the terrible news of Fannys death to Gene. This pretty much helped bring the book to its end, and as well help show more of Genes character. There are also the characters in the book who are a bit more involved. When Gene came up with the Idea that Finny was making him do all these activities with him, Just o bring his grades down, Gene became stronger In his studies. At that point, Gene took two factors In his need to excel In school. One was his anger that Finny did that to him and also Cheat Douglas, who was Just as a good student as Gene. And so Cheat had a profound effect on Genes life at that time because his studies at that time were pretty Important. There are also some more important minor characters like Leper and Brinier. Brinier probably brought the most significance to the book, mostly by stirring up further controversy with the whole Finny leg injury incident. In the middle of the book, when Gene comes back from the break, Brinier Jokingly accuses Gene of trying to kill Finny and later on at the near end of the book, Brinier takes Gene and Finny to the schools hall for a mock trial on Fannys fall. Thats where pretty much everything falls apart with Gene and Fannys relationship kind of breaking apart and Fannys cause of death. Leper, like many of the other characters helped further show Genes traits. When Leper asked Gene to come over his house, after Leper had been charged form the army, Leper talked to Gene about his experience. After Leper told Gene about him imaging the generals head replaced with that of a womans, Gene ran away disgustedly. In closing, this book shows how minor characters help develop other characters traits, how they change the major events and minor events as well. Though they have less of a value as the main characters, they do contribute a lot to the whole book. And not only that, it adds something to the book. Can you imagine a book with two characters?

Cultural Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cultural Music - Essay Example What we are going to explore in this paper are the values, cultural music uphold, its historical significance, where it came from and the factors that distinguishes the cultural music from that of popular culture. We would put light across factors like religious rituals, social rituals, materialism and how it developed. Cultural value becomes a relative idea today because it is everywhere turned into something quantifiable, as the principle of exchange value (i.e., price) is extended into all spheres of life. Music when considered on a broad spectrum, is an art, and the value of art becomes a shifting term in an economy of cultural meanings, defined by its relation to other signifying elements in the cultural system, not to anything "real" to which it might ultimately refer. But when it comes to musical judgments, cultures are never explored in the context of social values. Though the formation of "taste cultures" has always been socially defined. Participation in certain genres of music say, grand opera, street ballads, or rural folk music was historically determined by a person's social position, not by a purely independent aesthetic choice. Indeed, from a sociological perspective, cultural taste is always a social category rather than an aesthetic one; it refers to the way we use cultural judgments as social "currency, " to mark our social positions. This may be less clear today, since contemporary society is characterized by the fragmentation of older taste cultures and the proliferation of new ones. In this context, cultural musical transactions take place with increasing rapidity hence the heating up of the cultural economy and its rapid turnover of new products. Not only are taste cultures themselves shifting, but people now tend to move between them with greater ease. These factors contribute to a sense of the relativity of any single position. Contemporary musical choices enable us to make selection from among umpteen choices, such choices refer to the pluralism, and the effect of that plurality is inevitably to confirm that, in matters of musical judgment, the individual can be the only authority. (Johnson, 2002, p. 7) Musician Perception Musicians are perceived as "speaking on behalf" of the cultures they perform. As Harnish says, "For those of us teaching in geographic areas of little diversity, we are charged with or charge ourselves with the task of representing the music and culture of the ensemble". (Solis, 2004, p. 14) Debate about music, even technical debate between musicians, has always been an attempt to wrestle with this conundrum: music flows from individuals to other individuals and yet seems to be shaped by supra individual forces. The basic model of that conundrum does not change. Music teachers, however, are the only

A student should participate in study groups Essay

A student should participate in study groups - Essay Example For example, if two students, both equally intelligent and capable, completely complement each other’s skills in a physics course, then it is only logical that they work together in order to learn from the other’s experiences and abilities. Study groups, like a group in the workplace, seek to fulfill the goals of each member to the extent that each member’s objectives are aligned with the other members of the group. Usually, it is the case that members of a study group are interested in achieving a better grade, and this desire is what unites the individuals in their efforts to help others and in turn help themselves. Students should participate in study groups because such groups offer knowledge, experience, and skills that individuals alone could not realize. Study groups have been shown to be successful, particularly in fields where knowledge is particularly specialized, such as in more in-depth fields like physics, chemistry, and computer science. Research ha s demonstrated that students retain more information by devoting time to hands-on laboratory work and with faculty. In addition, study groups are helpful to students insofar as they encourage individuals to become active learners and to become better collaborators with peers (Guo 190). As such, study groups tend to produce higher results on academic performance than individual work. In a study of perceptions of academic support services by engineering students, researchers Charlotte Amenkhienan and Lori Kogan observed that students thought that study groups were invaluable. Individuals thought the chance to describe course material to others assisted in a clearer understanding of the notes. Moreover, in order to add more to the group talks, members of study groups retained an incentive to finish work in a suitable manner. Students who had trouble in their classes found it difficult to identify fellow students with whom to make study groups. This was described as a limitation to fres hman year academic performance. As the authors wrote, â€Å"Their inability to establish contacts with fellow students precluded their ability to take advantage of valuable peer networking and study group opportunities† (Amenkhienan and Kogan 536). In other words, the study groups were instrumental to some students’ success, while the inability to actually participate in them in other cases was a burden on their academic performance. This corroborates findings from other research that study groups are an asset to students of specialized fields. In one case of study group effectiveness for students, a pre-medicine undergraduate student named John decided that he should form a study group with other pre-medicine students because he had trouble with mathematics. Sure enough, John was able to put together a study group of pre-medicine students, some of whom were strong in mathematics, others in physics, others in chemistry, and others in biology. John was able to leverage his strength in biology to help a fellow member of the study group, Kevin, who was especially strong in mathematics. Together, the students could work collaboratively while doing well in their courses. This specialization of skills within the study group provides for personal improvement that one would not have access to outside of the group. If John had continued without participating in a group, his academic success would be

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay Pakistan is a federation consisting of four provinces, federally administered tribal areas, northern areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. Pakistan is a federation but its government is highly centralized, so majority of the revenues are collected at the center and then re-distributed vertically between federal and provincial governments, and horizontally among provinces through National finance Commission (NFC) awards. Then the provinces further re-distribute the resources to local governments through a revenue-sharing formula framed by Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). The criteria of revenue sharing has always been a bone of contention between the federation and the provinces. This is mainly because the federal government keeps a larger part of the revenues to themselves while provinces are left with fewer resources to carry on their development activities, thats why they face budget deficits very frequently. Moreover, there is a little autonomy and capacity for provinces to c ollect taxes on their own, so mainly they have to rely on the revenues relocated to them by the Federal government through NFC awards. The share provinces get from the Federal government is not sufficient to carry on the development projects, which is the reason they get into budget deficits very frequently. For proper service and delivery there is need of a higher share for provinces in NFC awards. Systematic Resources transfers among governments occurs at 4 levels. Firstly, from federal governments to provincial governments through National Finance Commission (NFC). Secondly, from provincial governments to local governments through Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). Thirdly, from federal to local, and lastly from local to local. In this report, I will focus mainly on systematic resource transfers from Federal to Provincial governments through National Finance Commission awards. National Finance Commission is constituted under Article 160(1) of the 1973 constitution for the smooth and thoughtful revenue transfers between Federal and Provincial governments. Constitutionally, it is to be held every 5 years by the President of Pakistan to review the resource sharing mechanism for the equitable fiscal transfers between Central and Provincial governments. Certain taxes collected from provinces are added in the distribution pool and then re-distributed to provinces according to the revenue sharing formula. NFC decides what percentage of the total revenues will be retained by the Federal government and what share will go to the provinces. What taxes to include in the distribution pool has always been a question of debate. The chairman of the commission is the Federal Finance Minister, and its members include all provincial finance ministers and experts to be nominated by the president of Pakistan in consultation with the provincial governors. The main charter of NFC is concerned with the following matters. Distribution of specified taxes and duties between the federation and the provinces. Payment of financial grants to provincial governments. Borrowing power exercised by the Federal and Provincial governments. Any other financial matter referred to the commission. As per law, NFC was supposed to be constituted for smooth and equitable revenue transfers between the Federal government and provinces. But in reality, it faced difficulties which hindered its development. Only 7 NFC awards have been given up till now, of which 3 were conclusive. The rest 4 remained inconclusive because federal government and provinces couldnt reach an agreement on the distribution criteria of revenues, therefore an interim award was awarded by the President in this situation. This paper will evaluate all the NFC awards in the history of Pakistan. Its related issues will be highlighted and improvements in the resource transfer mechanism will be recommended. 2. THE EVOLUTION OF NFC AWARDS 2.1 PRE-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (NIEMEYER AWARD) Before independence of Pakistan, Niemeyer Award was followed in British India for the distribution of revenues between the Federal government and provinces, under the Government of India Act, 1935. All the financial matters between Federal and provincial governments were ruled by this act. Under this award, sales tax was a provincial subject, and 50 percent of the income tax collections were subjected to be redistribute. Even after the independence, Niemeyer award was followed till March 1952 with some adjustment in railway budget, sharing of income and sales tax. 2.2 POST-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (RAISMAN AWARD) After the independence of Pakistan, Sir Jeremy Raisman was asked to devise a revenue sharing mechanism for allocation of revenues between federal and provincial governments. Thus he formed a revenue sharing formula called Raisman award in 1952. Considering the poor financial condition of the newly born state, a 50 percent share of sales tax was given to the federal government. Out of incomes of 50 percent income tax, 45 percent was given to East Pakistan, while the rest of the portion was given to the West Pakistan. 2.3 REVENUE SHARING UNDER ONE UNIT During 1955, Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were professed as one unit- The West Pakistan. East Pakistan and West Pakistan were declared as the two separate units. The two awards, of 1961 and 1964, distributed the revenue between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. 2.3.1 The 1961 Award In this award, the share of East Pakistan from divisible pool was decided to be 64 percent, while that of West Pakistan was 46 percent. 30 percent of the sales tax was relocated to provinces on the basis of their respective collection. While the remaining duties on agricultural land and capital value tax on immovable property were given to the units as per their collection. 2.3.2 The 1964 Award Under this award, the divisible pool consisted of sales tax, income tax, export duty and excise duty. 30 percent of the sales tax were relocated to each province according to its collection. The share of center and provinces from the divisible pool was decided to be 35 percent and 65 percent respectively. While the share of East Pakistan and West Pakistan remained the same as in previous award i.e. 64 percent and 46 percent respectively. 2.3.3 National Finance Committee 1970 A committee was formed instead of a commission in April 1970 to devise a formula for revenue sharing between federation and the federating units. The divisible pool remained unchanged, though the federal and provincial governments share in the divisible pool was declared as 20:80 respectively. 54 percent of the provincial share was given to East Pakistan, while the rest 46 percent went to West Pakistan. The distribution among the provinces of West Pakistan was: Punjab 56.5 percent, Sindh 23.5 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15.5 percent, and Baluchistan 4.5 percent. After the separation of East Pakistan, their revenue share was transferred to the provinces of West Pakistan. The revenue proportion remained the same, but the size of the pie was changed. NATIONAL FINANCE COMMISSION 1973 The 1973 constitution made mandatory for the government of Pakistan to make a National Finance Commission every 5 years for fair revenue distribution between Federal government and the provinces. From that point of time, West Pakistan started its journey after the separation of East Pakistan. From 1974 onwards, all the awards have been given under the National finance Commission. In reality, NFC has not been constituted every 5 years, contrary to what the law demanded. Lets briefly go through the various NFC awards in the history. First NFC Award 1974 After an increase in the number and amount of taxes between 1951 and 1970, there was a contraction in both in 1974, reducing the size of the divisible pool. The divisible pool only included income tax, sales tax, and export duty. The distribution ratio between federal government and provinces remained the same as 20:80 respectively. The criteria for horizontal distribution among provinces was decided to be population. Punjab, being the biggest in population, was advantaged. Its share was increased from 56.50 percent to 60.25 percent. While the other three provinces suffered, Sindh suffering the most. The resource distribution among provinces is presented in the table below. Table 1 1974 NFC Award-Provincial share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 60.25% 22.50% 13.39% 3.86% To combat the weak fiscal position of the provinces, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were granted aid of Rs.50 million and Rs.100 million respectively. Second NFC Award 1979 The second NFC was constituted by the President general Zia-ul-Haq in 1979. But it held no meetings, consequently no award was given. Therefore, the award of 1974 was followed as an interim award. After census was held in 1981, the population ratios changed and so did the provincial share in NFC awards. The provincial share was adjusted according to the new census, which led some improved conditions in Baluchistan and Sindh, whereas the share of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained unchanged. The new provincial resource distribution according to the changed population is illustrated in the given table. Table 2 1979 NFC Award- Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.97% 23.34% 13.39% 5.30% Third NFC Award 1985 The third NFC was also constituted in Zia-ul-Haq regime in 1985. It held nine meetings in 3 years but failed to produce any fruitful results, mainly due to political instability. So the award of 1974 was followed till 1990. Fourth NFC Award 1991 After a long time, NFC became successful in giving recommendation in 1991. NFC is supposed to announce an award every 5 years, but there was a gap of 17 years between the previous award of 1974 and the 1991 award. This award came with some improvements and expansion in the divisible pool. Central excise on tea, tobacco, and betel nut was added in the divisible pool. So the divisible pool consisted of income tax, sales tax, export duty, and excise duty. However, custom duty still remained with Federal government. Federal government also took the responsibility of financing the provinces in case of deficits. The Federal and provincial share remained to be at 20 percent and 80 percent respectively. It can be said that the 1991 award was so far the best deal for provinces. But this award could not make any development regarding the diversification in the revenue sharing mechanism. The sole criteria for revenue sharing among provinces remained to be population. Disagreements among provinc es hindered the development in the resource sharing criteria. However, if we look at the positive side, this award considerably expanded the volume of provincial share in the revenues collected by the Federal government by around 18 percent as compared to 1974 award. This was mainly due to the addition of excise duty on certain items in the divisible pool. The 1991 award was a step forward to fiscal decentralization and provincial autonomy in the country. The 1973 constitution acknowledged the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources on the basis of collection by each province. Royalty on gas and crude oil, development surcharge on gas, and profits from hydro-electricity were relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. As a result, the transfers to provinces increased from 28 percent (Rs. 39 billions) to 45 percent (Rs. 64 billion) of federal tax revenue. The share of each province under this award is given in the table below. Table 3 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.88% 23.28% 13.54% 5.30% Provincial share didnt have any changes because population was still the sole criteria for revenue distribution and no census was held since 1981. However, the volume of provincial share increased due to the inclusion of new taxes in the divisible pool. In addition to this, special grants were also provided to provinces to meet their developmental needs. The amount of these grants is illustrated in table 4. Table 4 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Grants Amount/Years Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan Amount 1000 700 200 100 Next Years 3 5 3 3 (Rs.in million) However there was an increase in the flow of funds to the Provincial governments, provinces were advised to generate their own funds, but the autonomy and funds generating capacity were not sufficient as needed. Fifth NFC Award 1996 The 5th NFC award was announced in late 1996 by the care-taker government of that time. This award included all the federal taxes in the divisible pool. Which comprise: income tax, sales tax, capital value tax, wealth tax, excise duties (except the excise duty on gas charged at wellhead) and any other tax collected by federal government. Royalty on crude oil and development surcharge on gas were also relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. The incentive of matching grants was also given to the provinces but up to a certain limit; only if provinces exceeded their revenue target of 14.2 percent they would get matching grants. However, numerous objections have been made by the members of parliament elected to the provincial and federal governments following the 1997 general elections. With the expansion of federal divisible pool, the federal-provincial ratio in this award changed radically. Earlier it was 20 percent for federal government and 80 percent for provinces. In this award, the ratios were changed to 62.5 percent for federal government and 37.5 percent for provinces. One reason for decreasing the provincial share in the divisible pool is the overestimation of GDP growth rate. During the period when this award was being exercised, the country faced internal and external upsets which negatively affected the economy. Some say that provinces would be in a better financial situation if previous award of 1991 award was continued to follow that time. The sole criteria for resource distribution continued to be population. No development was made in this area. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Sixth NFC Award 2000 The 6th NFC was constituted in year 2000 by the President General Pervez Musharraf. It held 11 meetings but could reach to any conclusions due to disagreements among the members of NFC. Provinces were demanding a share up to 50 percent, as well as diversification in the resource distribution criteria. Another NFC was constituted on 21st July, 2005 during President Musharrafs regime. But it too, like the previous NFC, stuck in a deadlock among its members and failed to give any recommendations due to the conflicting demands of its members. After an unsuccessful attempt to generate consensus on the resource distribution mechanism, all the provincial Chief Ministers asked the President to give a fair and justified award which would be acceptable to all stakeholders. So General Musharraf amended the Distribution of Revenues and Grants-in-Aid Order, 1997 by issuing Ordinance No. 1 of 2006. Thus after a deferral of 6 years, the 1997 award was amended and came into force on 1st July, 2006. Under this award, due to the constant demand from provinces, the provincial share from the divisible pool increase to 45 percent (share in total divisible pool + grants), with gradual increase of 1 percent every year up till the next 5 years. All the taxes of 1996 award were included in the divisible pool. The grants to provinces were increased from Rs.8.7 billion to Rs.27.75 billion. Punjab and Sindh, which didnt receive any grant in the 1997 award, were also given grants of Rs.3.05 billion and Rs.5.83 billion respectively. Seventh NFC Award 2010 The most recent NFC award of 2010 was given in the present democratic government. 2010 NFC award is a milestone in the history of Pakistan, which has bring improvements and variation in the resource distribution criteria. The demands of Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have been recognized. The most prominent and distinguishing feature of this award is that it has followed a multi-dimensional revenue distribution criteria. In addition to population, other parameters have also been included, such as poverty, underdevelopment, and inverse population density criteria, as demanded by Sindh, KPK and Baluchistan. Baluchistan being the largest in area and scattered in population, demanded the criteria of inverse population density to include in the revenue sharing formula. While Punjab wanted population to remain the only criteria because it is in the provinces advantage. Since 1973 constitution, it is for the first time that resources are not distributed among provinces according to the old popu lation standards, but an advancement has been made in the resource sharing criteria. The formulation of multiple criteria for resource distribution is a commendable step and a way further to fiscal autonomy of provinces. It has been measured as a success of democratic system and provincial partners. Economists have measured it groundwork for Fiscal Federalism in Pakistan. No disputes came in the way of approval of 7th NFC award. It is marked by sacrifices and compromises by all the stakeholders for the sake of national unity and development. The big provinces exhibited flexibility in their approach to accommodate the demands of smaller and backward provinces. The center has sacrificed more than 10 percent of its share for provinces i.e. about Rs.225 billion more were granted to provinces during FY 2011-12 budget [Pakistan Economic Survey (2011)]. All the stakeholders have decided to cut the cost of revenue collection to 1 percent (previously it was 5 percent) to increase the flow of real transfers to provinces. Resultantly, the provincial share from the divisible poo l increased from 47.5 percent to 56 percent in the first year and 57.5 percent for all the remaining years of the award. This award is also significant in a way that all the provinces and center have shown a considerate behavior towards the most backward province Baluchistan. Acknowledging its special development needs, all the stakeholders have agreed to provided Baluchistan Rs.83 billion (9.09 percent) of the provincial pool in the first year of the Award. Punjab has given up 1.27 percent, Sindh 0.39 percent, and KPK 0.26 percent of its share. Whereas Baluchistan has gained 1.82 percent. The federal government has given up more than 10 percent of its share for provinces, which has increased the flow of revenues to provinces. The number one beneficiary of this award is Baluchistan with an additional budget of 175 percent. While KPK, the second most benefitted, received 79 percent, Sindh 61 percent, and Punjab 48 percent additional budget. The resource distribution among provinces is illustrated in table 5. Table 5 NFC Award 2010- Resource Distribution Province % Share in Divisible Pool under 7th NFC % Change in Share Additional Budget % Punjab 51.74 1.27 48 Sindh 24.55 0.39 61 KPK 14.62 0.26 79 Baluchistan 9.09 +1.82 175 Source: Pakistan Economic Review (2010) If we talk about the distribution parameters, 82 percent weightage has been allocated to population, 10.3 percent to poverty, 5 percent to revenue generation/collection, and 2.7 percent to inverse population density. Table 6 illustrates the different parameters and its weightage against each province. Table 6 NFC Award 2010-Revenue Sharing Formula (in percentage) Parameters Weight Punjab Sindh KPK Baluchistan Population 82 57.36 23.71 5.11 13.82 Poverty/backwardness 10.30 23.16 23.41 25.61 27.82 Revenue Collection 5 44.0 50 1.0 5 Inverse Population 2.7 4.34 7.21 81.92 6.54 One of the greatest achievements regarding this award is that it has aimed to reduce disparities among the provinces. This award benefits the two relatively more backward provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan, as compared to Sindh and Punjab. Before this award, provinces were getting Rs.550 billion. But in the first year of enforcement of this award provinces got more than Rs.850 billion, and in the next 5 years this amount will increase up to 1250 billion. The greatest achievement of this award is the reduction in inequalities regarding revenue collection in Sindh and Punjab, gas development surcharge from Baluchistan, and hydel profits from KPK. Considering the role of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa in war against terrorism, it has been provided a share of 1 percent from the divisible pool. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NFC AWARDS OVER TIME Financial resources play the fundamental role in the development of any country. A well thought-out resource distribution is necessary for the development of backward areas so they can be at par with the national growth and progress. The current state of revenue distribution in Pakistan has evolved over time. Various improvements and advancements have been made in the revenue sharing formula since the formation of National Finance Commission. In this section I will analyze the impact of various NFC awards on the fiscal decentralization of the country. In Pakistan fiscal federalism has always been an issue which has never received a serious approach. Out of Seven NFC awards, only four have come up with additional parameters of revenue sharing between the federation and its units. Federal government has taken a less systematic approach to decentralize fiscal powers and functions and made the provinces depend on the center. This has negatively affected the performance and efficiency of provinces to work effectively. In a federation, the basic functions of Central government are maintaining law and order, defense matters, making a sound foreign policy, communications, currency management, general administration, debt servicing, industrial development, and work on public welfare including health and education. The rest of the matters fall within the sphere of Provincial and local governments. But not much effort has been put by our politicians to devolve powers and functions to lower tiers of government. With the passage of time, federal government has over-stretched itself into such matters which are of purely provincial nature, like irrigation, construction of roads, agricultural development, culture and tourism, youth affairs, and rural development. This has increased financial and administrative burden on the center. Federal government has taken too much responsibilities on its shoulders which certainly require more finance. If government is aiming toward devolution of power from center to provincial and local level, these tiers of government must be empowered and enabled to generate their own finance. Federal government generates 93 percent of the resources, while its share in the total expenditure makes up only 72 percent. On the other side, the total expenditure of provinces is 28 percent, and they generate merely 7 percent of the resources. It results in heavy dependency on the center. The argument behind the higher collection by the federation is based on the achievement of equity, efficiency, economy, and the federal governments ability to levy and collect [Kardar (2006)]. As most of the resources are already used up by the Federal government, provinces are left with less opportunities to generate their own resources. Resultantly, provinces have to rely heavily on the resources transferred to them by the center. If we closely look at the historical trend, we can easily understand that the journey of fiscal federalism In Pakistan has always been uneven. Fiscal federalism has always been a dilemma. It is interesting to note that out of seven NFC awards given after 1973 constitution, only few came up with additional parameters to share the revenues with the provinces. Only 3 out of 7 NFC awards were conclusive, the remaining 4 were inconclusive due to disagreements among the members of the commission. Historically, the problem of revenue distribution has never been taken seriously by our politicians and it always faced difficulty because consensus of all the parties involved is must for a new NFC award to be enforced. The resource distribution mechanism/criteria has always been a bone of contention among the provinces. Population, being the sole distribution criteria in all NFC awards (except the recent one) has always been a matter of friction among provinces. This shows a lack of coordination in our policy making. Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have always demanded the diversification in revenue sharing formula with the inclusion of other factors with population, like poverty, backwardness and revenue generation capacity. Whereas Punjab has stressed over population to remain the sole criteria for revenue distribution because Punjab, being the most populated province, has always got the larger piece of pie in NFC awards. It is interesting to note that Pakistan is the only country in the world which follows one-dimensional formula for revenue distribution. Otherwise everywhere in the world various dimensions are used in view of the needs and economic conditions of the provinces. Due to inflexibility in the resource distribution formula, disparities among the economic conditions of people could not be reduced and diversified needs of provinces could not be catered as it should have been. In the above section, we have discussed each NFC award in detail, its pros and cons, and the percent allocation to provinces under each award. There are substantial disparities in the living standards amongst provinces, and also among the rural-urban areas of each province. Although the removal of discrepancies between urban and rural areas is the responsibility of Provincial Finance Commission, but without provision of adequate amount of resources/funds by the center, provinces will not be able to work on development and reducing inequalities at local level. If we compare the real per capita GDP of all the provinces, we find out that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been facing highest inconsistency among rural and urban income, next to Sindh and Punjab. While the gap between rural and urban income in Baluchistan is lesser, the reason is lack of development in its urban areas. Its urban areas are less developed as compared to that of other provinces, because of lesser economic opportunities i n cities. If we look at the historical trends, the first NFC award of 1947 had fewer taxes in the revenue pool. But in 1991 award, some improvements were seen in the revenue distribution. More taxes were made part of distribution pool. In addition, the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources was given to them on the basis of collection by each province. The divisible pool was further expanded in 1996 award by the inclusion of all the federal taxes. 1996 award moved a step forward towards fiscal decentralization. It also introduced the incentive of matching grants to provinces. But if we look at the grey areas of this award, the expansion of distribution pool resulted in the contraction of provincial share. The federal-provincial share in the pool changed drastically from 20:80 to 62.5:37.5 percent respectively. So practically, no significant developments were observed in actual revenue transfers to provinces. Consequently, provinces fell short of funds and trapped in budget defi cits. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Due to the constant pressure and demands from the provinces, government increased their share in the revenue pool to 45 percent in 2006 interim award. Just the provincial share was increased, no innovation was made in the resource sharing mechanism and it was still at its old population standards. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtun Khwa were demanding revenue distribution on the basis of poverty. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent. However, no diversification was made in the distribution criteria. One of the main reason which hindered the development of NFC awards is the conflicting demands of provinces over the resource sharing mechanism. The criteria of revenue dispersal between the center and provinces has always been a matter of conflict between these two tiers of government. Four out of seven NFC awards remained unproductive and unsettled amid this hostility. The complaints of the provinces were heard when the central government agreed to give provinces 40 percent share in the divisible pool with addition of 1 percent every year till the next 5 years. But there is an argument from Federal governments point of view that whenever the share of provinces has increased it gave rise to non-development expenditure which is unproductive. The reason is provincial governments don not have specific development programs in place as well as capacity to raise the living standards of people. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent, but provincial governments failed to formulate an appropriate strategy to reduce these disparities. This relates to the issue of political economy and public choice. Our electoral system can bring about such a state in which the federal government can be taken over by the larger province due to its majority seats in the National Assembly. Although, in Senate all provinces have equal representation but Senate has power only to discuss on the policy matters, but the decision making right resides with the National Assembly. So it is the National Assembly who has the constitutional supremacy to devise a reasonable resource sharing formula. Furthermore, the federal government does not want to give up its powers to provinces and let them grow autonomously as it will reduce their control on policy matters. This could be seen as since independence, 10 awards have been recommended for justified resource sharing between the center and provinces, but out of them only 3 (1974, 1991, and 2010) initiated by elected governments. The most significant development of the year 2010 was 7th NFC award which brought about some innovation in the revenue sharing criteria. After the independence of Pakistan, It was for the first time that a diversification was brought in the revenue sharing mechanism and some other factors were taken into account with population, like backwardness/ poverty, area and revenue collection. The long-ignored demands of provinces were accepted. With

Greece Crisis: Analysis, Learnings and Takeaways Essay

Greek Crisis: Background Through this write up, we are trying to explain the circumstances which led to the sovereign debt crisis in Greece. European Union was established in the year 1992 through the Maastricht treaty. The purpose of formation was to create something powerful on the lines of the USA, The United States of Europe. Also, the idea was to establish and maintain peace in the turbulent regions. In the year 1999, Euro zone was formed and a common currency, Euro, came into being. Countries set aside the currencies they each were using previously and instead dealt themselves Euros. Greece undertook the same operation. It relinquished its drachmas and received an equivalent amount of Euros. Henceforth Greek firms and Greek citizens could buy goods and services anywhere in the Euro zone with their Euros. Greece has always been an overspending economy. It’s a leisure driven economy where the government always tends to spend more than its means. This trend went to a new level when the Greek government got access to cheap and easier financing. Due to the introduction of the common currency, they could borrow as easily as a strongly backed Germany. The government previously used to monetise its deficit by printing currency. Since the choice of printing currency was no longer available due to the introduction of the monetary union, the government now resorted to borrowing lavishly to meet its deficit. The debt to GDP ratio also increased during the period. During 2004-2009, output in the Greek economy increased in nominal terms by 40%, while central government primary expenditures increased by 87% against an increase of only 31% in tax revenues. Public sector wages rose by over 50% between 1999 and 2007. Greece lived under the helm of a welfare state, with excessive spending on wages and early retirement benefits. Greek Crisis: Consequences of sub-prime Tourism and shipping are the two biggest revenue generators for the Greek economy. Both the sectors were badly hit when the sub-prime crisis wrecked global economy. There was a significant drop in the government revenue due to the shrinking of earnings from these sectors. Also, tax evasion, which was always an area of concern for the country, took full shape during this period. This led to high fiscal deficit and even higher levels of debt. In October 2009, Fitch downgraded the sovereign debt of Greece to BBB+. This lead to widening of bond yield spreads and CDS spreads. In April 2010, Greek debt was further downgraded to junk status, which effectively closed the availability of capital market financing to the country. This all was a part of a large vicious cycle. Poor ratings and excessive debt led to higher yields. Tax revenues fall due to tax evasion and GDP shrinkage. This led to higher deficit which warranted borrowing more to finance the deficit, which led to even higher cost of debt. Greek Crisis: Troika steps in The European Commission, The European Central Bank and IMF are called the troika, the three pillars on which the Greek and Euro zone hopes are resting. Amidst concerns that Greece will default on its payments and might exit the Euro zone, the troika steeped in to bail out the country. Phases of bailouts were given, based on the following measures: Austerity measures to restore fiscal balance Privatisation of government assets worth â‚ ¬50bn by the end of 2015 Structural reforms to improve growth prospects Also, debt restructuring was carried out in Greece as part of the second bailout plan. Under this, private creditors holding Greek govt. bonds were to accept lower interest rates and a 53.5% face value loss. This led to a fall in the forecasted Debt t o GDP ratio of 198% in 2012 to around 160% in the same period. The aim is to reduce the ratio to 120% by 2020. From 2012-14, troika is to cover all Greek financial needs through restructuring and bailout packages. From 2015-20, financial needs are to be met partly by capital markets and partly by privatization of govt. Assets. In May 2012, a 2 year extension was demanded till 2017 to return to self financed situation. 2 key bills were passed in the Greek Parliament pertaining to this in the last week – ‘Labour market reform’ and ‘Midterm fiscal plan 2013-16’. Should Greece leave the Euro Area? Is a fiscally-challenged country likely to want to leave the Euro Area? The brief answer is no – quite the contrary: a fiscally weak country is better off in the Euro Area than outside it. The only argument for leaving the Euro Area is that the introduction of a new national currency (New Drachma, say) would lead to an immediate sharp nominal and real depreciation of the new currency and a gain in competitiveness, which would be most welcome. It also would not last. The key rigidities in small open economies like Greece are real rigidities, not persistent Keynesian nominal rigidities, which are necessary for a depreciation or devaluation of the nominal exchange rate to have a material and durable impact on real competitiveness. Unless the balance of economic and political power is changed fundamentally, a depreciation of the nominal exchange rate would soon lead to adjustments of domestic costs and prices that would restore the old uncompetitive real equilibrium. All other arg uments either favour staying in for a fiscally weak country or are neutral. As regards the existing stock of sovereign debt, in or out makes no difference. Re-denominating the old euro-denominated debt in New Drachma would be an act of default. A country might as well stay in the Euro Area and default on the euro-denominated debt. As regards new government borrowing, issuing New Drachma denominated debt would be more costly (because an exchange risk premium would be added to the sovereign risk premium) than new borrowing using euro-denominated debt as part of the Euro Area. There would be massive balance sheet disruption for banks, other financial institutions and other corporate with large balance sheets, as the existing stock of assets and liabilities would remain euro denominated but there would no longer be a euro lender of last resort. It may be possible for contract and securities internal to Greece, that is entered into or issued under Greek jurisdiction alone, to be redenominated in New Drachma, but cross-border contracts and securities issued in other jurisdictions could not be redenominated that way without this constituting a n act of default. There would be no fiscal-financial support from other Euro Area member states should a country leave the Euro Area. Leaving the Euro Area means leaving the EU. There is no such thing as a former Euro Area member that continues as an EU member. A current EA member wishing to leave the EA but continue as an EU member would have to leave both the Euro Area and the EU and then re-apply for EU membership. Under the Lisbon Treaty, there now is a procedure for leaving the EU. A country cannot be expelled from the Euro Area, or from the EU. The only real threat of the Euro Area breaking up comes from the possibility that one or more of the fiscally strongest and more competitive members (Germany) could decide to leave the Euro Area (and the EU), because of a fear of becoming the bailer-out of first resort for all would-be fiscally-insolvent Euro Area member states. The changing of the generations in Germany from Kohl to Schrà ¶der and then to Merkel has weakened the traditional umbilical link of Germany, and especially Germany’s political class, to the EU and the Euro Area, but not (yet) to the point that one can reasonably envisage Germany leaving the Euro Area and the EU. Alternatives * Wage increase, higher inflation in Germany Wage increase in Germany would fuel inflation in Germany that will lead to increase in cost of goods sold in the economy. This would accelerate industry expansion to other territories especially like Greece, Spain. Since Greece’s main economy driver has been the tourism industry and that is also seasonal. * Common Eurobonds Instead of having separate government bonds, common Euro bonds should be issued. This would never lead to the chain reaction that was led by the Greek government bonds. * Greece or other weaker nations leaving Euro zone Greece and other weaker nations should leave Euro Zone and back to their respective currencies. This would help adjust their monetary policy with their fiscal policy. * Fiscal Integration One of the major development areas is increased European integration giving a central body increased control over the budgets of member states Key Learnings * LESSON 1: Financial markets are prone to exaggerations, which amplify further the pro-cyclicality inherent in asset valuations In times of recession, when the degree of risk aversion increases and GDP growth contracts, asset prices tend to decline and risk spreads rise. Also during this period, the standard pattern of pro-cyclicality may be amplified by market exaggerations: investors tend to over-price certain types of risk and thus under-price the respective financial assets. Exaggerated pro-cyclicality of this type has hit the sovereign bond market during the crisis. Furthermore, in particular through the use of sovereign bonds as collateral, it has exerted adverse effects on other segments of financial markets, such as the funding markets for financial institutions. There are many ways to mitigate this pro-cyclicality of government bond markets. One way is to reduce the reliance of the financial, regulatory and supervisory framework on credit ratings * LESSON 2: Fiscal Policy Union along with Monetary Policy Union is important in order to keep countries with common currency on the same page Since Euro was a common currency, Euro Currency Board took charge of the common monetary policy for the nations, but the fiscal policies differed in each country, leading to a widening gap between each country’s financial statuses. One way to curb this problem is to facilitate fiscal integration of the organizations. This would ensure that no country is not overspending and will have limited budget to workout. * LESSON 3: Welfare of the masses is not in Transfer Payments but in Investment and employment creation in the country Austerity measures would only help in curtailing the massive expenditures done on Social welfare schemes such unemployment allowances. Nations should focus on increasing the investment in the nation and looking for opportunities, where it can generate employment for its masses. This would lead to long-term economic stability in the nation. Takeaways for India * While the Indian economy needs fund flows from different sources, it should exercise special caution while depending on the overseas debt India must not allow its public debt to increase any further, especially from the external sources which may play havoc with the country’s debt situation amidst increasing volatility rupee’s foreign exchange rate * India must focus on curtailing its fiscal deficit and should be very cautious in opening up its market and allowing foreigners to invest in government securities Per capita public debt is higher than the growth in per capita income, implying that the population borrowings are increasing at a much faster pace than their earnings. Hence population is being burdened with higher amounts of public debt. Per capita income and per capita debt both have increased over the years. While per-capita income increased from Rs. 26,015 in 2005-06 to Rs. 38,005 in 2011-12 the per capita debt increased from Rs. 13,276.87 in 2005-06 to Rs. 27,044.22 in 2011-12 * Interest Payments are absorbing about one-third of Central Government’s revenue, leading to increase in non-plan expenditure. Interest payments is the fact that not only are interest payment a large contributor to the non-plan expenditure but a large part of the total revenue receipts of the Central Government are also being used to finance them and raising funds from overseas as debt at present times poses several risks, the main problem being extra burden on redemption because of lowering of the rupee value.

The Dos and Donts of Essay Topics about Power

The Do's and Don'ts of Essay Topics about Power The Benefits of Essay Topics about Power The outcome of any given influence attempt is dependent on several factors besides influencing tactics and any tactic may result in target resistance if it's not suitable for the circumstance or is employed in an unskillful method. Informal coercion rather than threats of formal sort of punishment may also be utilised to modify the behavior and attitudes and behavior of different folks. Consequently, influence is in reality a process by which an endeavor to extract compliance with the intentions from others. Therefore, political power is about not just persuasion, but in addition manipulation. It is a good idea to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. Greatest college application essay service there are several reasons for picking supremeessayscom, a reliable on-line custom writing service to purchase essay. These forms of papers are excellent for honing your critical thinking skills, so over the class of your high school and college education, you'll need to compose a number of them. A shadow box is a fantastic approach to display larger dog-related items that won't match in a normal frame. Free small business plan catering. Despite the fact that this approach portion connected with the specific World wide web Heritage Sourcebooks Project began seeing your way to be able to admittance scrolls that have been already for sale having to do with the Word wide web, the item today includes plenty with text messaging crafted for sale locally. People today acquire payment caractere instantly and also gain from the familiar procedure for applying their very own financial information. Our support team can assist you through the ordering process, take details of any additional requirements you may have, and naturally, answer any questions you have about us and our goods and solutions. Proximity can play a huge part in relationships. Gender and power are closely tied in Macbeth, and they're able to be examined from a range of perspectives. Authority is legitimate once the man or woman who's the field of influence believes that is right and proper for a different individual t o exert influence or try to exert it. It happens when the man or woman making requests dependent on the position or authority held. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Essay Topics about Power The progress of human beings or any nation is completely is dependent on the increase of knowledge in numerous fields in the beneficial and constructive ways. Thus, it's the best choice to purchase from the stores immediately. More importantly than what made America the most effective nation in the world is why it became the most effective country. The countries natural resources and its location would aid in improving the ability of the United States of america and also boost the stream of money. Whenever you have submitted a guide, you ought to expect an acknowledgement but this might free paper writing service of concern regarding unintentional plagiarism. Nuclear power is a popular topic, which makes it a wonderful option if you want to compose an argumentative essay. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Academically suitable compare contrast essay topics ought to be stimulating together with attention-grabbing. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. By browsing compare and contrast essay examples, an individual can observe that a normal assignment is made up of 3 sections that have an introduction, discussion of your principal notion, the particular issues to study. You are not just accountable for what you say, but also for what you don't say Martin Luther There are lots of other excellent quotations that could act as a fantastic beginning for your essay on responsibility and supply excellent tips for writing. Some great postmodern theory can be useful. Well, power is thought to be the ability or capability to act or perform effectively. As a result of that, coercive power is often employed by the best level to direct control the decreased ones. It is simply the opposite of reward power. All have been possible because of the ability of knowledge. Likewise the followers will also be in a position to use coercive ability to influence the behavior of the leaders. Reward power requires the ability to influence different people owing to an individual's control over desired resources. The more power that someone has, the more corrupt they get. Consider the ability of a single person over the other.

Why You Shouldnt Mix Bleach and Vinegar

Mixing bleach and vinegar is a bad idea. Toxic chlorine gas is released, which essentially serves as a way to wage chemical warfare on ones self. Many people mix bleach and vinegar, knowing its dangerous, but either underestimate the risk or else hope for increased cleaning power. Heres what you should know about mixing bleach and vinegar, before trying it. Why People Mix Bleach and Vinegar If mixing bleach and vinegar releases toxic chlorine gas, then why do people do it? There are two answers to this question. The first answer is that vinegar lowers the pH of bleach, making it a better disinfectant. The second answer to why people mix bleach and vinegar is that people dont recognize how dangerous it is or how quickly it reacts. They hear mixing the chemicals makes them better cleaners and disinfectants, but dont realize the cleaning boost isnt going to make enough of a difference to justify the considerable health hazard. What Happens When Bleach and Vinegar Are Mixed Chlorine bleach contains sodium hypochlorite or NaOCl. Because bleach is sodium hypochlorite in water, the sodium hypochlorite in bleach actually exists as hypochlorous acid: NaOCl H2O ↔ HOCl Na OH- Hypochlorous acid is a strong oxidizer. This is what makes it so good at bleaching and disinfection. If you mix bleach with an acid, chlorine gas will be produced. For example, mixing  bleach with toilet bowl cleaner, which contains hydrochloric acid, yields chlorine gas: HOCl HCl ↔ H2O Cl2 Although pure chlorine gas is greenish-yellow, gas produced by mixing chemicals is diluted in air. Its invisible, so the only way to know about it is by the smell and negative effects.  Chlorine gas attacks mucous membranes, such as eyes, throat, and lungs and can be deadly. Mixing bleach with another acid, such as the acetic acid found in vinegar, yields essentially the same result: 2HOCl 2HAc ↔ Cl2 2H2O 2Ac- (Ac : CH3COO) There is an equilibrium between the chlorine species that is influenced by pH. When the pH is lowered, as by adding toilet bowl cleaner or vinegar, the ratio of chlorine gas in increased. When the pH is raised, the ratio of hypochlorite ion is increased. Hypochlorite ion is a less efficient oxidizer than hypochlorous acid, so some people will intentionally lower the pH of bleach to increase the oxidizing power of the chemical, even though chlorine gas is produced as a result. What You Should Do Instead Dont poison yourself! Rather than increasing the activity of the bleach by adding vinegar to it, its safer and more effective to simply purchase fresh bleach.  Chlorine bleach has a shelf life, so it loses power over time. This is particularly true if the container of bleach has been stored for several months. Its far safer to use fresh bleach than to risk poisoning  by mixing bleach with another chemical. It is fine to use bleach and vinegar separately for cleaning as long as the surface is rinsed between products.